Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Molecular Biology Researches & Studies Institute, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
2
Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
3
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a global public health concern, with varying incidence and prevalence patterns across regions. This comprehensive review explores the different aspects of HAV, encompassing its virology, genetic variability, stability in the environment, global epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention with a focus on the situation in an endemic region like Egypt. The review delves into the structure and genome of HAV, highlighting its genetic diversity and distribution of genotypes. Stability and persistence in the environment, particularly in water sources, are examined emphasizing the virus's resilience. Clinical manifestations, disease course, and extrahepatic manifestations are detailed providing insights into the diverse clinical presentations. Diagnostic methods, including serological testing and molecular diagnostics are discussed, along with surveillance strategies and outbreak investigations. The focus shifts to prevention and control measures, emphasizing the pivotal role of vaccination in reducing the overall burden of HAV. The discussion extends to hygienic practices, safe water measures, and targeted vaccination strategies for high-risk populations. This review provides valuable insights into the current understanding of HAV, informing public health strategies and guiding future research endeavors for the effective control of this viral infection.
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